I've thought a lot about the Holocaust the last few days. I think it was triggered by a conversation with my Muslim housemate, on whether we believe in God and how much. I told her that I don't know if I can believe in a God who would allow such a thing as the Holocaust to happen. She said she had a similar experience, except in her case it was knowing what happened during the independence war in Bangladesh and Pakistan, and the situation of the Arabs in Israel.
There was an article I came across after our conversation, published in one of the biggest German newspapers, der Spiegel. In the artikel, the writer stated that he was rather proud that the people of the street he lives in in Hamburg had extensively researched what happened to the jewish people living in their street during the second world war. There are so-called 'Stolpersteine' you can order in Germany- it's a small, golden-plaited stone which you place into the pavement infront of your door or street in memory of the deported people who had once lived there. When people started doing this housing-agencies complained, saying it would make the houses more difficult to sell. The writer described how he was very touched when golden stones began appearing everywhere in his street, with people clearly determined to show that they were not going to let the victims of the Holocaust be forgotten.
I decided to do the same. Growing up in a small German village I had walked past a small remembrance plaque at the place where the old synagogue stood on my way to school every day. I had always wondered who these people were. After some searching, I finally found a register with the names of jewish people who had been murdered in the holocaust. Over 3000 had been killed in the entire town, about 30 or so in my village. A few names had been 'adopted', people from Karlsruhe had decided to research their lives and find out who they were and what happened to them. One story struck me quite strongly. There was the story of a family, father, mother and daughter, who had grown up in the village. The father was a respectable man who was making a lot of money selling textiles. They were well-dressed and even had a servant. When the war came it slowly all went to hell. The little girl was the only one to survive, and she describes as one-by-one all her friends in school began to turn against her, how her father's friends spat on him in the streets, the unfairness and how her family lost her wealth and her parents died in a concentration camp. She emigrated to the US and hasn't been back.
What was difficult to read were the familiar places. I passed her house on my way to school. We went to the same school. The place her family was gathered before they were deported- my family and I used to eat in the restaurant right next to that.
The writer from the paper went on to explain how, during workhours, he decided to google his streetname in combination with words such as 'holocaust', 'extermination', 'world war II' etc. And how surprised he was to find that in his street lived the very man who had stood at the front-line of Auschwitz and had decided who should go to the gas-chamber directly and who could live for a little while longer. (During the Nazi's trials one defender actually argued that this was a good thing and that he had thereby actually 'saved' a lot of people from the gas-chamber.) This was a heartless man, one who would shoot people at random because he felt like it.
On finding this out, the writer decided to go to all his neighbors and confront them with this. Did they know which monster had lived in their neighborhood? Surprisingly, he found that the answer was a chorus of mumbled 'yesses'. Everyone knew. Noone talked about it.
This had made the writer thoughtful. Should we, he wondered, really worry so much about finding out what happened to the victims of the holocaust if there is such a gap in trying to understand the perpetrators? New Germany was built up on the shoulders of old Nazis. This wasn't avoidable, according to my mother after the second world war they were all that was left. The mentality of the second world war in Germany is treated as an embarassment, as a one-off thing which could not happen again.
But I think it could. Because all these people were normal human beings who were making rational choices. And what is more- they believed they were making moral choices.
Neil Gaiman in his journal mentioned that a large part of his family tree was murdered during the Holocaust. He mentions his cousin, Helen Fagin, Professor in New College, Florida. I'll leave this entry with an excerpt from his journal, and her words.
Like Fagin's writings and teachings, the 1,000-volume collection emphasizes what she calls "the moral lessons" of the Nazi extermination of 6 million Jews.
"While it is important to learn about the Holocaust," she says, "it is even more important that we learn from the Holocaust."
The most chilling of those lessons, to her, is that extermination, civilization's ultimate betrayal of its own humanity, was the work of highly civilized people.
"These were educated, erudite individuals, thinkers, who came to the conclusion that the final solution was perfectly plausible.
"And then they were able to enlist the help of chemists to devise an efficient gas for extermination, and architects to design an efficient death house, and industrialists to create the machinery of annihilation."
The lesson of the Holocaust is not that human beings are "somehow capable of resigning from their human obligations to one another," she says, but that "they do so out of conscious moral choice."
I should mention that I don't think the people in my village were highly educated, simply knowing the time and the descendants of those people. At the same time, they were all people able to make choices. And they all chose not help their neighbors, they chose to walk with the times and spit on human dignity. I lived with their descendants. Watching the way immigrants were treated in the village, I don't think the lesson has been learnt.